Monthly Archives: March 2016

How These Four Essential Oils Protect the Liver in People with Lyme Disease and Co-infections

How These Four Essential Oils Protect the Liver in People with Lyme Disease and Co-infections

pie_lady
For people with Lyme disease and co-infections who feel toxic and have abnormal liver function tests
by Greg Lee

One of my mom’s coworkers loved to bake. Our family always looked forward to going over to her house especially for dinner. Coming in the front door, I’d always smell the aroma of fresh baked dessert. In the kitchen, we’d sometimes see my mom’s friend in her apron and oven mitts pulling her baked goods out of the oven.

How is a hot pie similar to Lyme disease toxins that can disrupt the liver?

Just like a hot pie that could burn you if you touched it, Lyme disease toxins can harm the healthy functioning of the liver
In multiple studies, people infected with Lyme disease have been diagnosed with liver problems including hepatitis,[1] liver enlargement[2], febrile jaundice, liver cytolytic and cholestatic abnormalities[3], [4], abnormal liver function assays[5], and elevated liver enzymes[6]. Since a primary role of the liver is detoxification, how well it can detoxify has a direct impact on how sick or well a person feels from the toxins produced by Lyme disease. In alcoholic patients that have similar toxic liver issues, elevated levels of endotoxins and inflammatory compounds are common. These toxins can increase liver inflammation, fatty liver, scarring, and organ damage[7]. Not only toxins from Lyme, but also genetics can have a dramatic impact on liver detoxification.

Genetics as well as Lyme can influence how well the liver can deal with toxins and medications
In one study, people with non-viral liver inflammation and chronic liver failure were more likely to have genetic mutations called MTHFR C677T, and PAI-1 4G-4G[8]. In another study, people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease had greater numbers of MTHFR C677T and MTHFR 1298A/C mutations[9]. In a third study, people with the MTHFR C677T and A1298C were at higher risk of developing liver carcinoma in a study in China[10]. Tuberculosis patients with genetic mutations NAT2, GST and CYP2E1 have greater incidence of antibiotic induced liver toxicity in one study[11]. GST influences the production of glutathione which is an important detoxification compound in the liver and the whole body. A significant number of Lyme patients have genetic mutations which interfere with how well they detoxify and protect their liver. Liver function can also be influenced by antibiotic treatment for Lyme.

Antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease can have positive or negative effect on the liver
In one study, most patients with early Lyme disease that received antibiotics had liver function tests return to normal after three weeks of treatment[12]. In other studies, patients undergoing antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease experienced negative side effects ranging from: mild liver function derangement[13] and hepatitis and elevated liver enzymes[14]. Lyme patients that are taking antibiotics that also test positive for abnormal liver function can be taken off their medications to protect their liver. Lyme disease stimulates the production of inflammatory compounds which can affect liver functioning.

Lyme disease can elevate inflammatory compounds that can impact the liver and other organs
Patients with Lyme disease have been found to have many elevated pro-inflammatory compounds including: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, Tumor Necrosis Factor – alpha  (TNF-α)[15], and C-Reactive Protein[16]. IL-6 is actually elevated in liver regeneration[17]. However, IL-6 is also a pathogenic factor in various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases[18]. Elevated levels of Il-8 have been found in patients with neurologic Lyme disease. Elevated C-reactive protein have been associated with a decline in mental function and frontal lobe damage[19]. These inflammatory compounds can also dramatically affect the emotions of people with Lyme.

Liver dysfunction can also affect painful emotions
Painful emotions are directly attributed to dysfunction in the liver in Chinese medicine[20]. There is a strong correlation between elevated liver enzymes and higher levels of C-Reactive Protein[21]. In one study, depressed men had higher levels of inflammatory compounds IL-6 and C-Reactive Protein [22]. Another animal study correlates psycho-social stress with the production of inflammatory compounds Tumor Necrosis Factor – alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 and increased liver inflammation[23]. Depression and anxiety were the two most common emotions in a study on alcoholic patients with liver scarring[24].

What else can help patients with Lyme or co-infection toxins that feel toxic and have abnormal liver function tests?

Here are four essential oils that are effective at protecting the liver and reducing inflammation
Fortunately, there are essential oils that protect the liver and reduce toxicity and inflammation in animal studies. Preparing the oils in a micronized form called a liposome, which are microscopic particles of medicinal oils that are wrapped in a sunflower lecithin compound called phosphatidylcholine may increase their effectiveness at protecting the liver when combined with a compound found in licorice[25]. A liposomal herbal extract was more effective at delivering medicine into the liver compared to its non-liposomal equivalent[26]. Which is why liposomal essential oils maybe more effective at helping patients with protecting the liver and detoxification.

Liver Protection Essential Oil #1: Black Cumin Seed Essential Oil
Black cumin seed essential oil demonstrated antioxidant properties which had a beneficial effect on liver enzymes in a rat study[27]. In another study, this oil reduced TNF-α induced arthritis in another rat study[28]. Black cumin seed oil also has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, analgesic, fever reducing, antimicrobial and anti-tumor activity. It also decreases blood pressure and increases respiration. This oil has been shown not to induce significant adverse effects on liver or kidney functions[29]. Thymoquinone (TQ), a major active compound in black cumin seed oil, lowered inflammatory compounds IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and increased glutathione (GSH) in multiple rat studies[30]. In another rat study, this oil increased tryptophan levels in the brain and decreased anxiety[31] and depression[32].  In addition to black cumin seed oil, ginger oil also protects the liver.

Liver Protection Essential Oil #2: Ginger Essential Oil
Ginger essential oil demonstrated liver protective properties in a mouse study.[33] In another mouse study, this oil significantly increased glutathione and glutathione reductase enzymes in blood and glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and antioxidant enzymes in the liver. Ginger oil also significantly reduced acute inflammation[34]. Ginger oil combined with magnolia extracts has an antidepressant effect in a rat study[35]. This oil has been classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[36]. Besides ginger, turmeric oil can help reduce inflammation from Lyme disease and co-infections.

Liver Protection Essential Oil #3: Turmeric Essential Oil
Turmeric essential oil reduced hepatic cholesterol and oxidative stress, and improved liver function in one hamster study[37]. In another rat study, turmeric oil reduced endothelial cell induced inflammation[38]. Endothelial cell inflammation is a recurring problem in patients with Babesia[39], Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Anaplasmosis[40], and Lyme arthritis that does not improve with antibiotic treatment[41]. In a mouse study, turmeric oil increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione reductase enzyme levels in blood and glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in the liver. This oil also demonstrated significant antioxidant activity and reduced acute and chronic inflammation[42]. In addition to turmeric, rosemary oil also protects the liver.

Liver Protection Essential Oil #4: Rosemary Essential Oil
Rosemary essential oil demonstrated liver protecting properties by reversing  chemical injury to antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in a rat study[43]. This oil also demonstrated liver protecting properties in a separate mouse study[44]. In another lab study, rosemary oil inhibited the proliferation of human liver carcinoma cells[45]. In another mouse study, rosemary oil reduced the inflammatory compound IL-6[46]. In a human study, this oil lowered salivary cortisol levels[47].

Given that some varieties of rosemary essential oil have high camphor content which is neurotoxic, rosemary oil (β-myrcene CT) chemotype is recommended because it contains the lowest amount (2.1–4.4%) of this component[48]. Multiple oils can provide liver protection and can help reduce toxicity and inflammation in patients with Lyme disease and co-infections.

Essential oils that protect the liver can help reduce inflammation in people with Lyme disease
Just like using an insulated oven mitt to get a hot pie out of the oven, anti-toxin and anti-inflammatory essential oils can help people with Lyme and co-infections to protect their liver. These oils can be helpful especially when liver function is damaged by toxins or antibiotics. When encapsulated into a sunflower lecithin liposome and combined with a licorice extract, these oils may be capable of even greater penetration into and protection for the liver. In addition to reducing toxicity, these oils may also help with relieving painful emotions that are associated with liver dysfunction. Since some of these essential oils have cautions on their use, work with a Lyme literate essential oil practitioner to develop a proper, safe, and effective strategy for your condition.

– Greg

Next step: Come to our evening lecture:  Getting Rid of Lyme Disease in Frederick, Maryland on Monday March 7th at 6pm to learn more about essential oils for protecting yourself from Lyme disease and co-infections.

https://goodbyelyme.com/events/get_rid_lyme

Also learn about effective remedies and treatments for relieving persistent symptoms of Lyme and co-infections including: cold laser, Frequency Specific Microcurrent, cupping, LED therapy, moxabustion, acupuncture, liposomal herbs, essential oils, bee venom, and more!

P.S. Do you have experiences where remedies, or treatments helped to protect your liver, reduce toxins, and lift depression? Tell us about it.

 

[1] Kazakoff, M. A., K. Sinusas, and C. Macchia. “Liver Function Test Abnormalities in Early Lyme Disease.” Archives of Family Medicine 2, no. 4 (April 1993): 409–13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8130920

[2] Kłuciński, P., A. Maślankiewicz, and M. Ograbek. “[Difficulties in diagnosis of lyme borreliosis].” Przegla̧d Epidemiologiczny 51, no. 4 (1997): 441–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562793

[3] Dadamessi, I., F. Brazier, A. Smaïl, R. Delcenserie, J. L. Dupas, and J. P. Capron. “[Hepatic disorders related to Lyme disease. Study of two cases and a review of the literature].” Gastroentérologie Clinique Et Biologique 25, no. 2 (February 2001): 193–96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319444

[4] Ilowite, N. T. “Muscle, Reticuloendothelial, and Late Skin Manifestations of Lyme Disease.” The American Journal of Medicine 98, no. 4A (April 24, 1995): 63S – 68S. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7726194

[5] Saz, J. V., S. Nuncio, F. J. Merino, M. Aquise, J. Medina, and A. R. Filipe. “[Lyme disease in the province of Soria: clinico-epidemiologic study].” Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiología Clínica 12, no. 2 (February 1994): 52–59. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8011711

[6] Benedix, Frauke, Benjamin Weide, Sigrid Broekaert, Gisela Metzler, Julia-Stefanie Frick, Walter H. C. Burgdorf, Martin Röcken, and Martin Schaller. “Early Disseminated Borreliosis with Multiple Erythema Migrans and Elevated Liver Enzymes: Case Report and Literature Review.” Acta Dermato-Venereologica 87, no. 5 (2007): 418–21. doi:10.2340/00015555-0267. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721649

[7] Wang, H Joe, Samir Zakhari, and M Katherine Jung. “Alcohol, Inflammation, and Gut-Liver-Brain Interactions in Tissue Damage and Disease Development.” World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG 16, no. 11 (March 21, 2010): 1304–13. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i11.1304. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842521/

[8] Pasta, Linda, and Francesca Pasta. “PAI-1 4G-4G and MTHFR 677TT in Non-Hepatitis C Virus/hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Cirrhosis.” World Journal of Hepatology 7, no. 29 (December 18, 2015): 2920–26. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i29.2920. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26689658

[9] Kasapoglu, Benan, Cansel Turkay, Kadir Serkan Yalcin, Ali Kosar, and Alper Bozkurt. “MTHFR 677C/T and 1298A/C Mutations and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Clinical Medicine (London, England) 15, no. 3 (June 2015): 248–51. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.15-3-248. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031974

[10] Qi, Xiaosheng, Xing Sun, Junming Xu, Zhaowen Wang, Jinyan Zhang, and Zhihai Peng. “Associations between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Chinese Population.” Tumour Biology: The Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 35, no. 3 (March 2014): 1757–62. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-1529-x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385382

[11] Singla, Neha, Dheeraj Gupta, Niti Birbian, and Jagtar Singh. “Association of NAT2, GST and CYP2E1 Polymorphisms and Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity.” Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) 94, no. 3 (May 2014): 293–98. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2014.02.003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637014

[12] Horowitz, H. W., B. Dworkin, G. Forseter, R. B. Nadelman, C. Connolly, B. B. Luciano, J. Nowakowski, T. A. O’Brien, M. Calmann, and G. P. Wormser. “Liver Function in Early Lyme Disease.” Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 23, no. 6 (June 1996): 1412–17. doi:10.1002/hep.510230617.

[13] White, B., R. A. Seaton, and T. J. Evans. “Management of Suspected Lyme Borreliosis: Experience from an Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy Service.” QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 106, no. 2 (February 2013): 133–38. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs189. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23070203

[14] Middelveen, Marianne J, Steve A McClain, Cheryl Bandoski, Joel R Israel, Jennie Burke, Alan B MacDonald, Arun Timmaraju, et al. “Granulomatous Hepatitis Associated with Chronic Borrelia Burgdorferi Infection: A Case Report.” Research 1 (June 9, 2014). doi:10.13070/rs.en.1.875. https://dx.doi.org/10.13070/rs.en.1.875

[15] Bernardino, Andrea L. F., Deepak Kaushal, and Mario T. Philipp. “The Antibiotics Doxycycline and Minocycline Inhibit the Inflammatory Responses to the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 199, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 1379–88. doi:10.1086/597807. https://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/199/9/1379.full

[16] Chan, S. S., Y. C. Wong, and I. J. Hodgkiss. “A Preliminary Study of C-Reactive Protein in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Lyme Disease.” Biomedical and Environmental Sciences: BES 9, no. 4 (December 1996): 424–29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8988812

[17] STREETZ, K, T LUEDDE, M MANNS, and C TRAUTWEIN. “Interleukin 6 and Liver Regeneration.” Gut 47, no. 2 (August 2000): 309–12. doi:10.1136/gut.47.2.309.

[18] Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. Targeting Interleukin-6: All the Way to Treat Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8(9):1227-1236. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4666. Available from https://www.ijbs.com/v08p1227.htm

[19] Bransfield, Robert C. “The Psychoimmunology of Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases and Its Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms.” The Open Neurology Journal 6 (October 5, 2012): 88–93. doi:10.2174/1874205X01206010088. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474947/

[20] Dharmananda, S. The Liver: Views From the Past. https://www.itmonline.org/5organs/liver.htm

[21] Kerner, Arthur, Ophir Avizohar, Ron Sella, Peter Bartha, Oren Zinder, Walter Markiewicz, Yishai Levy, Gerald J. Brook, and Doron Aronson. “Association Between Elevated Liver Enzymes and C-Reactive Protein Possible Hepatic Contribution to Systemic Inflammation in the Metabolic Syndrome.” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 193–97. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000148324.63685.6a. https://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/25/1/193.full

[22] Becking, K, L Boschloo, N Vogelzangs, B C M Haarman, R Riemersma-van der Lek, B W J H Penninx, and R A Schoevers. “The Association between Immune Activation and Manic Symptoms in Patients with a Depressive Disorder.” Translational Psychiatry 3, no. 10 (October 2013): e314. doi:10.1038/tp.2013.87. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818012/

[23] Vere, Cristin Constantin, Costin Teodor Streba, Letitia Maria Streba, Alin Gabriel Ionescu, and Felix Sima. “Psychosocial Stress and Liver Disease Status.” World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG 15, no. 24 (June 28, 2009): 2980–86. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.2980. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702105/

[24] López-Navas, A., A. Ríos, F. J. Moya-Faz, B. Febrero, M. I. Jiménez-Morales, F. J. Orteso, A. Ros-Martínez, et al. “Emotional-Type Psychopathologic Symptoms among Patients with Terminal Chronic Alcohol-Induced Liver Cirrhosis.” Transplantation Proceedings 44, no. 6 (August 2012): 1510–12. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.05.021.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841199

[25] Podobed, O. V., L. M. Fedorova, O. Iu Abakumova, I. V. Iakusheva, T. A. Tsvetkova, A. V. Gavril’chak, A. B. Shekhter, and A. V. Kariakin. “[A study of hepatoprotective effect of the preparation phospholiv containing phosphatidylcholine from sunflower seeds and glycyrrhizic acid in the model of liver cirrhosis in rats].” Biulleten’ Eksperimental’noĭ Biologii I Meditsiny 124, no. 9 (September 1997): 311–14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445615

[26] Elmowafy, Mohammed, Tapani Viitala, Hany M. Ibrahim, Sherif K. Abu-Elyazid, Ahmed Samy, Alaa Kassem, and Marjo Yliperttula. “Silymarin Loaded Liposomes for Hepatic Targeting: In Vitro Evaluation and HepG2 Drug Uptake.” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 50, no. 2 (October 9, 2013): 161–71. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23851081

[27] Sultan, Muhammad Tauseef, Masood Sadiq Butt, Roselina Karim, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, Luigi Aliberti, Atif Nisar Ahmad, and Vincenzo De Feo. “Effect of Nigella Sativa Fixed and Essential Oils on Antioxidant Status, Hepatic Enzymes, and Immunity in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14 (2014): 193. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-193. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077235/

[28] Tekeoglu, Ibrahim, Ali Dogan, Levent Ediz, Mustafa Budancamanak, and Adnan Demirel. “Effects of Thymoquinone (volatile Oil of Black Cumin) on Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rat Models.” Phytotherapy Research: PTR 21, no. 9 (September 2007): 895–97. doi:10.1002/ptr.2143.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17562570

[29] Ali, B. H., and Gerald Blunden. “Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Nigella Sativa.” Phytotherapy Research: PTR 17, no. 4 (April 2003): 299–305. doi:10.1002/ptr.1309. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12722128

[30] Ahmad, Aftab, Asif Husain, Mohd Mujeeb, Shah Alam Khan, Abul Kalam Najmi, Nasir Ali Siddique, Zoheir A. Damanhouri, and Firoz Anwar. “A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Nigella Sativa: A Miracle Herb.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3, no. 5 (May 2013): 337–52. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642442/

[31] Perveen, Tahira, Saida Haider, Sumera Kanwal, and Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem. “Repeated Administration of Nigella Sativa Decreases 5-HT Turnover and Produces Anxiolytic Effects in Rats.” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 2 (April 2009): 139–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339222

[32] Perveen, Tahira, Saida Haider, Nudrat Anwar Zuberi, Sadia Saleem, Sana Sadaf, and Zehra Batool. “Increased 5-HT Levels Following Repeated Administration of Nigella Sativa L. (Black Seed) Oil Produce Antidepressant Effects in Rats.” Scientia Pharmaceutica 82, no. 1 (March 2014): 161–70. doi:10.3797/scipharm.1304-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951226/

[33] Jeena, Kottarapat, Vijayastelter B. Liju, and Ramadasan Kuttan. “Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Essential Oil from Ginger.” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 57, no. 1 (March 2013): 51–62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24020099

[34] Jeena, Kottarapat, Vijayastelter B. Liju, and Ramadasan Kuttan. “Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Essential Oil from Ginger.” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 57, no. 1 (March 2013): 51–62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24020099

[35] Qiang, Li-Qin, Cai-Ping Wang, Fu-Meng Wang, Ying Pan, Li-Tao Yi, Xian Zhang, and Ling-Dong Kong. “Combined Administration of the Mixture of Honokiol and Magnolol and Ginger Oil Evokes Antidepressant-like Synergism in Rats.” Archives of Pharmacal Research 32, no. 9 (September 2009): 1281–92. doi:10.1007/s12272-009-1914-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784585

[36] “CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.” Accessed March 3, 2016. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20.

[37] Singh, Vishal, Manish Jain, Ankita Misra, Vivek Khanna, Minakshi Rana, Prem Prakash, Richa Malasoni, Anil Kumar Dwivedi, Madhu Dikshit, and Manoj Kumar Barthwal. “Curcuma Oil Ameliorates Hyperlipidaemia and Associated Deleterious Effects in Golden Syrian Hamsters.” The British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 3 (August 28, 2013): 437–46. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005363. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23673139

[38] Manhas, Amit, Vivek Khanna, Prem Prakash, Dipika Goyal, Richa Malasoni, Arshi Naqvi, Anil K. Dwivedi, Madhu Dikshit, and Kumaravelu Jagavelu. “Curcuma Oil Reduces Endothelial Cell-Mediated Inflammation in Postmyocardial Ischemia/reperfusion in Rats.” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 64, no. 3 (September 2014): 228–36. doi:10.1097/FJC.0000000000000110.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24853488

[39] Aikawa, Masamichi, Emsri Pongponratn, Tatsuya Tegoshi, Kei-Ichiro Nakamura, Tsuyoshi Nagatake, Alan Cochrane, Luiz S. Ozaki, et al. “A Study on the Pathogenesis of Human Cerebral Malaria and Cerebral Babesiosis.” Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87 (1992): 297–301. doi:10.1590/S0074-02761992000700051. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1343706

[40] Buhner, Stephen Harrod. Natural Treatments for Lyme Coinfections: Anaplasma, Babesia, and Ehrlichia. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 2015.

[41] Ghosh, Srimoyee, Robert Seward, Catherine E. Costello, B. David Stollar, and Brigitte T. Huber. “Autoantibodies from Synovial Lesions in Chronic, Antibiotic Treatment-Resistant Lyme Arthritis Bind Cytokeratin-10.” Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950) 177, no. 4 (August 15, 2006): 2486–94. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888010

[42] Liju, Vijayastelter B., Kottarapat Jeena, and Ramadasan Kuttan. “An Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antinociceptive Activities of Essential Oil from Curcuma Longa. L.” Indian Journal of Pharmacology 43, no. 5 (2011): 526–31. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.84961. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195121/

[43] Rašković, Aleksandar, Isidora Milanović, Nebojša Pavlović, Tatjana Ćebović, Saša Vukmirović, and Momir Mikov. “Antioxidant Activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) Essential Oil and Its Hepatoprotective Potential.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14 (2014): 225. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-225. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25002023

[44] Fahim, F. A., A. Y. Esmat, H. M. Fadel, and K. F. Hassan. “Allied Studies on the Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. on Experimental Hepatotoxicity and Mutagenesis.” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 50, no. 6 (November 1999): 413–27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10719582

[45] Vicente, Gonzalo, Susana Molina, Margarita González-Vallinas, Mónica R. García-Risco, Tiziana Fornari, Guillermo Reglero, and Ana Ramírez de Molina. “Supercritical Rosemary Extracts, Their Antioxidant Activity and Effect on Hepatic Tumor Progression.” The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Special Issue – 10th International Symposium on Supercritical FluidsSpecial Issue – 10th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, 79 (July 2013): 101–8. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2012.07.006. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844612002458

[46] Juhás, Štefan, Alexandra Bukovská, Štefan Čikoš, Soňa Czikková, Dušan Fabian, and Juraj Koppel. “Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil in Mice.” Acta Veterinaria Brno 78, no. 1 (2009): 121–27. doi:10.2754/avb200978010121. https://actavet.vfu.cz/media/pdf/avb_2009078010121.pdf

[47] Atsumi, Toshiko, and Keiichi Tonosaki. “Smelling Lavender and Rosemary Increases Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Decreases Cortisol Level in Saliva.” Psychiatry Research 150, no. 1 (February 28, 2007): 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.12.012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291597

[48] Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals-, 2e. 2 edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2013. pp. 1783-1795.

 

DISCLAIMER:-

The medical information on this site is provided as an information resource only, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. This information is not intended to be patient education, does not create any patient-practitioner relationship, and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment.

Please consult your health care provider, or contact the Two Frogs Healing Center for an appointment, before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition. The Two Frogs Healing Center expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. The Two Frogs Healing Center does not endorse specifically any test, treatment, or procedure mentioned on the site.

By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by the Two Frogs Healing Center. If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter this site.